25‐Hydroxyvitamin D3 Synthesis by Enzymatic Steroid Side‐Chain Hydroxylation with Water

The hydroxylation of vitamin D₃ (VD₃, cholecalciferol) side chains to give 25‐hydroxyvitamin D₃ (25OHVD₃) is a crucial reaction in the formation of the circulating and biologically active forms of VD₃. It is usually catalyzed by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases that depend on complex electron donor systems. Cell‐free extracts and a purified Mo enzyme from a bacterium anaerobically grown with cholesterol were employed for the regioselective, ferricyanide‐dependent hydroxylation of VD₃ and proVD₃ (7‐dehydrocholesterol) into the corresponding tertiary alcohols with greater than 99 % yield. Hydroxylation of VD₃ strictly depends on a cyclodextrin‐assisted isomerization of VD₃ into preVD₃, the actual enzymatic substrate. This facile and robust method developed for 25OHVD₃ synthesis is a novel example for the concept of substrate‐engineered catalysis and offers an attractive alternative to chemical or O₂ /electron‐donor‐dependent enzymatic procedures.     

Analytical procedures for water-soluble vitamins in foods and dietary supplements: a review

Water-soluble vitamins include the B-group vitamins and vitamin C. In order to correctly monitor water-soluble vitamin content in fortified foods for compliance monitoring as well as to establish accurate data banks, an accurate and precise analytical method is a prerequisite. For many years microbiological assays have been used for analysis of B vitamins. However they are no longer considered to be the gold standard in vitamins analysis as many studies have shown up their deficiencies. This review describes the current status of analytical methods, including microbiological assays and spectrophotometric, biosensor and chromatographic techniques. In particular it describes the current status of the official methods and highlights some new developments in chromatographic procedures and detection methods. An overview is made of multivitamin extractions and analyses for foods and supplements.     

Physiochemical and cytotoxicity study of TPGS stabilized nanoemulsion designed by ultrasonication method

The main aim of the present work was to prepare TPGS stabilized D-α-Tocopherol, lemon oil, tween-80, and water nanoemulsion by low cost and highly effective sonication method. The prepared nanoemulsion showed good stability for 60 days at variable temperature conditions i.e. 4, 25 and 37 °C. The tolerance of the prepared nanoemulsion to salt (50 mM–500 mM) and pH (pH 2–pH 7.4) was also studied. The morphology and droplet size of pure and quinine loaded nanoemulsion was characterized with transmission electron microscopy. The prepared formulation was transparent and the obtained average particle size ranged between 25 nm and 35 nm. The nanoemulsion was found to be non toxic. The cell viability study of pure nanoemulsion carried out on Hep G2 cells revealed that the cell viability was 100%. The formulation further exhibited high quinine loading and release capacity with cumulative release up to 76 ± 2% and 65 ± 2% at pH 7.4 and pH 5.5 respectively. The interaction between quinine and vitamins (riboflavin, thiamine and biotin) was also carried out (aqueous medium). The study revealed that riboflavin had strong interaction with quinine and vitamins vis-à-vis thiamine and biotin.     

Enantioselective palladium-catalyzed total synthesis of vitamin e by employing a domino Wacker-Heck reaction

An enantioselective total synthesis of vitamin E in which a novel palladium-catalyzed domino reaction was employed as the key step is described. This reaction allows the formation of the chiral chroman framework and the concurrent introduction of part of the side chain of vitamin E. The sequence comprises an enantioselective Wacker cyclization and a subsequent Heck reaction. Accordingly, reaction of alkenylphenol 12 with methyl vinyl ketone (13) in the presence of catalytic amounts of Pd(OTFA)(2) (TFA = trifluoroacetate), the enantiopure ligand (S,S)-Bn-BOXAX (8 b; Bn = benzyl, BOXAX = 2,2'-bis(oxazolyl)-1,1'-binaphthyl, and p-benzoquinone (9) as an oxidant gives access to chiral chroman 10 with an enantioselectivity of 97 % ee in 84 % yield. Chroman 10 is then converted into 24 by an aldol condensation reaction with (3R)-3,7-dimethyloctanal (11). Subsequent 1,2-addition of methyllithium, elimination of water, and hydrogenation yields vitamin E.     

水溶性维生素核磁共振定量分析的研究

药物核磁共振定量分析法,操作简便,样品用量少,定性鉴定和定量分析同步完成,无须被测物的标准对照品,只须一般内标即可完成定量分析,分析速度和精密度可以达到或接近HPLC法. 作为药物的水溶性维生素,中国药典中还没有核磁共振定量分析方法. 实验数据表明,用核磁共振定量分析法与中国药典中提供的水溶性维生素分析法的分析结果十分吻合,可以达到药品市场监管的要求.     

Variation in fat soluble vitamins (A,D, E,K) in in vitro and ex vitro germinated chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) seedlings,as revealed by high performance liquid chromatography

In present communication, effect of in vitro and ex vitro culture conditions was investigated on the yield of fat soluble vitamins in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) seedlings analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Amongst the tested culture conditions (in vitro and ex vitro); in vitro condition proved to be highly effective compared to ex vitro. We noticed a significant difference in vitamins D (ergocalciferol), E (α-tocopherol) and K (phylloquinone) yields in chickpea seedlings grown in two different conditions. Maximum yield with a linear increase in vitamins D and E was noticed upto 9 days old in vitro grown seedlings. Vitamin K yield was also high in in vitro grown seedlings with a linear increase upto 11 days. Although, vitamin A was not detected, the vitamin production in germinating seeds was, therefore, age and culture condition dependent. The study revealed that, in in vitro condition, the level of fat soluble vitamins enhanced in seedlings, which could be used for human consumption with value addition in the diet of vegetarians.     

碱性去活性柱液相色谱测定水溶性维生素

采用碱性去活性柱高效液相色谱法同时分离测定了７种水溶性维生素。不需加入离子对试剂和胺类改性剂,峰形尖锐,用梯度洗脱分离完全,效果良了,方法的精密度为标准偏差５％以内,回收率为８９％￣１０２％,并用于实际样品的测定。